Vitamin a intermediates and process for obtaining same



United States Patent 2,852,031 VITAMIN A INTERMEDIATES AND PRocEss 17 Claims. or. 260-563) This invention relates to the preparation of vitamin A and more specifically, relates to the preparation of intermediate compounds which can be employed in the preparation o f-vitami'n A.

' The synthesis of vitamin A has engaged the attention of the art since the structure of vitamin A was first disclosed by Karrer in 1933. Many routes of the synthesis offvitamin A have been advanced and a considerable 'body of literature has been developed concerning the prepartiou of vitamin A, vitamin A afctive materials and vitamin A intermediates; Bec'ause of the demand for vitamin Aand the market which exists for this compound, efforts are constantly beingmade to devise new and improved methods both for the total s'yhthesisof vitamin A and foi the preparation of intermediate compounds which can be employed in the production'of vitamin A. i

For instance, in U. S. patent applications, Serial No. 545,123 of, Klein, Beckmann and Schaaf, filed Novemher 4, 1955 how Patent No. 2,819,310 and Serial No. 545,125 of Schaaf, Klein and Kapp, filed November 4, 19 5 riow Patent No. 2,819,308, methods have been disclosed for the preparation of vitaminA active material by treating either the cis or the trans formof amaterial havin g 'the empirical formula C H Q and the structural which compound contains the beta ionone ring structure, four ethylenic bonds. and one hydi 1 group, and which in thetraus configuration has an absorptioh maximum in the ultra-violet at 2710 A., a'molecular extinction coefiicient at that wave length of 29,100 and 'hasa refractive index at 20 C. of 1.552, and which is the cis configuration has an absorption maximum in the ultraviolet at 2740 A., a molecular extinction coefficient at that wave lengtlrof 25,900 and has a refractive index at 16 C. of 1.535 (referred to, hereinafter as Compound I) with a, boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex under appropriate reaction conditions in a watercontaining aromatic hydrocarbon solvent solution or in solution in a solvent selected from the group consisting of acetone, acetonitrile, acrylonitrile, benzyl cyanide, dioxane, isopropenyl acetate and tetrahydrofuran. Thereafter, the reaction mixture is worked up with an alkaline material followed by extraction of the product with an appropriate solvent e. g., hexane, ether, etc. The resulting product which is vitamin A active is referred to hereinafter as Compound IV. CompoundIVcontains a hexamethylene tetramine fragment inthe molecule.

When tested biologically on rats, Compound IV shows r 2,862,031 C6 Patented Nov- 25, 1958 a vitamin A activity of about 50%. Its ultra-violet spectrographic characteristics are practically identicalwith those of vitamin A; however, infra-red spectrographic analysis shows that Compound IV does not contain a hydroxyl group, but that it does contain an amine group. Analysis of Compound IV- by the Kjeldahl method shows that Compound IV has a nitrogen content which is about 9.6% and is about twice the nitrogen conteiit of vitamin A amine. Vitamin A amine has the same structure as vitamin A, only the amine group has replaced the hydroxyl group of vitamin A. The 9.6% figure is also twice as large as the basic nitrogenvalu e which is obtained by titration of this compound with approximately 0.02 N perchloricaeid in glacial acetic acid. This indicates that the molecule c ntains more than onenitrogen atom and that not all of it is basic; Thus the physical and chemical characteristics of Compound indicate that it contains thevitamin A chromophoric system wherein the hydroxyl group of vitamin A has been reethyl alcohol, acetone and similar solvents. It has an absorptionmaximum the ultra-violet region of the spectrum at 3250 and has at that'wave length an extinction coefficient (Ei't of about 1000 If it is treated with hydrobromic acid, a product is obtained which has an, absorption maximum at 3300 A. Likewise treatment of Compound IV with phosphoric acidgi'ves a product having an absorption maximum at 3280-3300 A, Presumablysfalts of Compound IV are foi'med by treatment with hydrobromic acid and phosphoric acid sincetreatment of the products with alkali gives, in eachease the ldriginal Compound IV. Acetylation of Compound IV with acetic anhydride givesy a product wanna/hen analyied'by infra-redanalysisfshows the presence of anamide band in the aim-ted spectrogtapnteqeurye.

co ound IV can be c'onvertedto vitamin A amine by treating it with aluminum isdpropoxide, in accordance with the procedure "disclosed and,claimed in U, LSQpatent a pneation', serial No. 545,124, meta, filed November 4, 1955, 'nowl Pa terns. 2,819,309,. Also, compound IV can be converted vitamin A aldehyde. byftr eatto react with all of the boron trifluoride, present in the reaction mixture. ThereafterfCompound IV is recovered from the reaction mixture by extraction with a solvent followed by evaporation to remove the solvent. The extraction step for, recovering the worked up reaction product involves the use ofthe solvents which are both hazardous and expensive thereby requiring safet-y precautions 161L re ov o e tio s he, a o t o step involves. carefultcontroi owing to the sensitivity of Compound IV to heat and. oxidation. Furthermore, it has been essential to empl'oy an additional reagent, viz., iodine in order to eonvert; Compound IV toc vitamin A aldehyde, 1

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved method for the synthesis of vitamin A.

It is a more particular object of this invention to provide a novel and effective method for the production of .new materials which are valuable intermediates useful in parent to those skilled in the art.

It has been discovered that the above and other objects can be achieved by heating, in the presence of water, the

reaction product complex of Compound I and boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex. 1 Preferably the reaction product need not be isolated but may be heated with water in situ in its reaction mixture. By

this discovery, the hitherto essential steps of working up the reaction product with alkaline materials in order to obtain Compound IV as well as its subsequent recovery or isolation are eliminated along with the use of iodine.

The reaction product of boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex and Compound I may be obtained in a manner similar to the procedures described in Serial No. 545,123 and Serial No. 545,125. The cis or the trans form of Compound I may be reacted with the aforesaid boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex in a water-containing aromatic hydrocarbon solution such as benzene, toluene, xylene, methyl isopropyl benzene, ethyl benzene, diethyl benzene, mesitylene, butyl benzene, amyl benzene, etc. Similar aromatic hydrocarbon solvents are highly suitable as the reaction medium. These hydrocarbon solvents are substantially water-immiscible but they will dissolve a small percentage of water. Also, acrylonitrile, benzyl cyanide, isopropenyl acetate and tetrahydrofuran may be used. When this reaction product, without isolating it from its reaction mixture, is to be subsequently treated with water to effect its conversion to vitamin A aldehyde, it

'is highly preferable to select a solvent that will form a homogeneous system. Examples of suitable solvents are acetone, acetonitrile, dioxane, etc., and mixtures of such solvents. The preferred solvent is dioxane containing a small amount of water.

The hexamethylene tetramine complex of boron trifluoride which is employed is one in which the ratio of boron trifluoride to hexamethylenetetramine varies from an average of about 1.5 to an average of about 2.5 molecules of boron trifluoride for each molecule of hexamethylene tetramine. Complexes containing larger or smaller ratios of boron trifluoride are not nearly as satisfactory for use in the process as complexes containing thesepreferred ratios of boron trifluoride. Preferably a complex containing an average of about 2 molecules of boron trifluoride for each molecule of hexamethylene tetramine is employed. In carrying out the reaction, we have found that the boron trifluoride does not act in the normal catalytic sense. Thus, in order to obtain the most satisfactory results when using a complex containing about 2 molecules of boron trifluoride for each molecule of hexamethylene tetramine, it is necessary that the boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex be employed in at least about a mole to mole ratio in proportion to the amount of Compound I which is used in the reaction. Although ratios of less than one to one will produce some product,,by far the best results are obtained when at least about a one to one ratio is employed. Molar ratios greater than one to one can be used and are preferred e. g., two moles of boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex to one mole of Compound I. When the ratio of boron trifluoride to hexamethylene tetramine in the complex is decreased, the mole ratio of the complex to Compound I is preferably increased a corresponding amount. Also, when the ratio of boron trifluoride to hexamethylene tetramine in the complex is increased, the ratio of the complex to Compound I can be correspondingly decreased, if desired, although it is not necessary to do so.

The temperature at which the reaction is carried out can be varied. Preferably, however, the temperature should be between about room temperature and about 35 C.; however, if desired, either lower or higher temperatures can be employed. At room temperature the reaction will normally proceed to completion in not more than about three hours and in many instances will proceed to completion in from fifteen to thirty minutes.

As pointed out above, the preferred solvent is dioxane containing a small amount of water. Since the water forms a complex with boron trifluoride, it might be thought that the presence of water in the reaction mixture would inactivate the boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex. However, water does not inactivate the boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex. Preferably, when dioxane is the solvent, water is added to the reaction mixture to increase the polarity of the solvent since the reaction appears to proceed more efficientl'y in a highly polar solvent. Thus from about 1% to 10% of water based upon the volume of the dioxane is preferably employed. Also, if desired, water can be used in the reaction medium when solvents other than dioxane are employed.

Preferably rather dilute solutions of Compound I are employed in carrying out the reaction of Compound I and boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex. In most cases a concentration of from 0.1 gram to about 1.0 gram of Compound I is present for each .100 ml. of solution.

The resulting product is a new complex produced by interaction of Compound I and boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex. It is a practically colorless solid, tends to decompose and has a sintering point at about C. It has a kmax=3300 A. and an Elam 1010 To prevent decomposition, it is bestkept at 10 C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen.

If instead of isolating this reaction product it is worked up by treatment with an alkaline material as described in the aforementioned Serial No. 545,123 and Serial No. 545,125, Compound IV is obtained. However, the reaction product obtained herein is fundamentally different from Compound IV. In other words, it is not merely a complex of Compound IV plus boron trifluoride. This is borne out by the fact that one cannot extrapolate the nitrogen content of the novel complex herein from the nitrogen content of Compound IV. If Compound IV is treated with boron trifluoride the reaction product described herein will not be obtained. Also, if Compound IV is refluxed with water under conditions according to the present invention, no appreciable amount of vitamin A aldehyde is obtained.

The following describes the procedure for obtaining vitamin A aldehyde from the above described reaction product complex of Compound I and boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex. To this reaction product there is added water in an amount of at least 15 to 30% by volume of the total' reaction mixture present including a solvent for the reaction product. The preferred amounts of water present are from 20 to 30% by volume of the total mixture present including solvent. The water is added to the reaction prpduct which has been previously isolated and dissolved in a water-miscible solvent, such as dioxane. Isolation of this reaction product from its reaction mixture may be accomplished by filtration or by adding excess hexamethylene tetramine to the reaction mixture and evaporating to dryness. It has been found that the product is stabilized by the presence of excess hexamethyl'ene tetramine. Preferably the water is added to the reaction product which has not been isolated, but remains in situ in its own reaction mixture which serves as a solvent therefor. It can be seen that the amount of water to be added will vary depending upon the amount of water that may already be present from the reaction of Compound I and the boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex. However, the total amount of water used is the same as that indicated previously when the reaction product is first isolated and then added to a solvent. Likewise, the total amount of solvent is the same in either case. There is present from about 0.1 to 1.5 grams of reaction product per 100 ml. of total solution. Preferably 1 to 1.5 grams are present.

When carrying out the reaction with water, the reaction mixture is heated, preferably at the reflux temperature of the mixture. However, a temperature range of from 70 C. up to reflux temperature may be used. Only a short time is necessary for heating, usually from about fifteen minutes to an hour has been found ample to bring about formation of vitamin A aldehyde. 1

For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the invention, reference may be had to the following examples which are given merely for purposes of illustration and are not to be construed in a limiting sense.

Example I 1.5 grams of the trans isomer of Compound I were dissolved in 50 ml. of purified dioxane. This solution was then added to a second solution of 1.5 grams of boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex contained in 2 ml. of water. The complex contained 2 molecules of boron trifluoride for each molecule of hexamethylene tetramine. The mixture of the two solutions was allowed to stand at room temperature for one-half hour. Thereafter the product was filtered ofi. In this manner 1.1 grams of an almost colorless powder was obtained. Upon analysis, this product had .an ultra-violet maximum at 3300 A. and an The product started to decompose at about 110 C. and sintered at about 145 C. p

The new complex was found to be insoluble in ethyl acetate and di-oxane', fairly soluble in water, and very soluble in methanol, dimethyl formamide and acetonitrile.

In view of the instability of the complex, a precise melting point could not be obtained. The melting point was found to vary depending upon the age and the condition of storage of the sample. Thus in one instance (Example I), the melting point of a fresh sample was at 145 C. with preliminary decomposition at 110 C. while another sample after standing for ten days in the refrigerator had a melting point of 102 to 104 C. Also in other samples which were apparently less pure, the new complex was found to have an ultra-violet maximum between 3300 and 3350 A.

Example II 2.86 grams (0.01 mole) of the trans isomer of Compound I were dissolved in 300 ml. of dioxane. 5.5 grams (0.02 mole) of boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex containing 2 molecules of boron trifluoride for each molecule of hexamethylene tetramine were dissolved in 30 ml. of water. The solution of boron trifluoride hexarnethylene tetramine complex was thereafter added to the solution containing the trans isomer of Compound I. A clear yellow solution resulted and it was allowed to stand for a period of forty-five minutes at room temperature. At the end of this time, m1. of distilled water were added and the mixture was refluxed for forty-five minutes. During this period. of reflux, formaldehyde was liberated. After refluxing, the reaction mixture was cooled and 75 ml. of a saturated solution of sodium chloride was added and the mixture ex tracted with hexane. The hexane layer was washed thoroughly with water and then dried over sodium sulfate. 2.5 grams of crude vitamin A aldehyde were obtained from the hexane solution. 1 This represented a crude yield of 88% having an estimated purity of. 64.5% by ultraviolet spectrographic analysis The principal impurities were believed to be polymeric materials and several percent of anhydro vitamin A. The purity was raised to 83% by chromatography over alumina whichhad been deactivated with 10% water... If desired, the purity can be raised furtherbyfsubsequent chromatography. The identity of vitamin A aldehyde was. established by its ultra-violet spectrum which gave a xmax=3800 A. in isopropanol and by the agreement between its infra-red spectrtun and that ofa reference curve of vitamin A aldehyde. The product on interaction with hydroxylamine, liberated the expected water, indicating the presence of an aldehyde group. This product was further characterized by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride which resulted in the formation of vitamin A in quantitative yield. The vitamin A obtained in this manner was identified by its ultra-violet and infra-red spectra and by its acetylation value, all of which corresponded to the values of known vitamin A.

. Example III 1.86 grams of .the trans isomer of Compound I were dissolved in 186 ml. of. dioxane and added all at once to a solutionof 3.39 grams .of .boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex in 18.6 ml. of water. The complex contained 2 molecules of boron trifluoride for each molecule of hexamethylene tetramine. The reaction mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes. Atthe. end .of this time, 65 ml. of distilled water were added and the mixturerefluxed for 30 minutes. The reaction. mixture was then .diluted with. a saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride and the vitamin A aldehyde was thereafter extracted with ether. The ether .extractswere then. washed successively with water, saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, and finally driedover sodium sulfate..;...Aftenfiltration, the net yield of vitamin A aldehyde in the ether solution was estimated as 55% by ultra-violet spectrographic analysls.

The semicarba'zone derivative of vitamin A aldehyde was then prepared in the following manner. The ether solution wasevaporated and: the residue treated with a solution of 17.3 grams of semicarbazide hydrochloride, 11.6 ml. of pyridine, .10 ml. of water, and 20 ml. of methanol. After one hour at reflux, the reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with chloroform. The extracts were successively washed with water, 5% aqueous hydrochloric acid, Water, aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, water, and finally aqueous sodium chloride solution. Evaporation of the chloroform extracts gave an oily residue which crystallized on trituration with ml. of pentane. The yellow solids were collected on a Biichner funnel and washed liberally with pentane. A first crop yield of 0.691 gram of vitamin A aldehyde semicarbazone was obtained having a melting point of 188-190.7 C., ultra-violet maxima at 3650 A. and 3750 A. and

EH 1628 and 1662 respectively in isopropanol; reported by Wendler and Tishler, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72 236 (1950) for vitamin A 7 aldehyde semicarbazone, melting point 188190 C., x max.=3650 A. and 3800 A.,

in chloroform. My semicarbazone on recrystallization in the same manner gave a new melting point of 196199 C., )t max. at 3850 A. and

in chloroform.

The following two examples describe the preparation of the novel reaction product, its isolation and subsequent treatment with water to obtain vitamin A aldehyde.

Example IV 480 mg. of the trans isomer of Compound I were dissolved in 50 ml. dioxane and treated with 916 mg. of boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex containing 2 molecules of boron trifluoride for each molecule of hexamethylene tetramine which was previously dissolved in 5 cc. water. This reaction mixture was allowed to stand for 45 minutes at room temperature. An aliquot was taken and analyzed spectroscopically. A A max at about 3350 A. was observed which indicated formation of the complex compound of Compound I and boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex. The reaction mixture was concentrated to incipient crystallization in the presence of 440 mg. of hexamethylene tetramine which was found to stabilize the complex. Diethyl ether was then added to bring about precipitation. Sufficient amounts were added until precipitation was complete. The precipitate which comprised white solids was washed liberally with diethyl ether. This ether was recovered and analyzed spectroscopically. By ultraviolet analysis, anhydro vitamin A and polymer were shown to be present. The recovered and washed white solids were thereafter refluxed with 25 ml. of a mixture of 60% by volume ethanol and 40% by volume of water for 45 minutes. Crude vitamin A aldehyde was recovered as described in the previous Example II. However, no chromatography was carried out. The net yield was found to be 28% of vitamin A aldehyde free of anhydro vitamin A and having a 7\ max=3720 A.

Example V The previous example was repeated except for the following. In this instance the complex compound of Compound I and boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine was refluxed with 25 ml. of a mixture of 75% by volume of dioxane and 25% by volume of water. The results obtained were substantially the same as Example IV.

In Examples IV and V, throughout the formation of the novel complex, its recovery and subsequent reflux with water, an atmosphere of nitrogen was maintained.

As all of the reactants and products obtained herein are susceptible to air oxidation, it is desirable to carry out all of the foregoing procedures in the presence of an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen, helium, etc.

As indicated by the foregoing, a novel process for obtaining vitamin A aldehyde has been described. The product is obtained in high yields and good purity. In the preferred embodiment, the reaction product of Compound I and boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex may be refluxed with water without isolating it from. its reaction mixture. Hence, there is eliminated the usually necessary steps present in such procedures. Also an inexpensive reagent, Water, has replaced the more expensive iodine used in the treatment of Serial No. 545,122 referred to above.

Compound IV in the procedure of U. S. patent application Finally, it must be remembered that conversion of Compound I to vitamin A aldehyde via Compound IV is a two step process Whereas the present invention involves only a single step. Since the yields of Compound IV, obtained from Compound I, are not quantitative, the net yields of vitamin A aldehyde obtained by the practice of the present invention are actually greater than the net yields obtained from the aforementioned two step process.

It will be appreciated that various modifications can be made in the invention described above and such are within the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.

Having described my invention, what I claim as new and desire tosecure by Letters Patent is:

l. A process for producing vitamin A aldehyde which comprises reacting with water a complex obtained by reacting at least one mole of a boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex containing from about 1.5 to 2.5 moles of boron trifluoride per mole of hexamethylene tetramine at between room temperature and 35 C. in the presence of a solvent with one mole of said complex having a 7\ max=3300 A. and

2. A process for producing vitamin A aldehyde which comprises reacting with water in the presence of a solvent and from a temperature of 70 C. up to the reflux temperature of the mixture, a complex obtained by re acting at least one mole of a boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex containing from about 1.5 to 2.5 moles of boron trifluoride per mole of hexamethylene tetramine at between room temperature and 35 C. in the presence of a solvent with one mole of said complex having a A max=3300 A. and

Elk; 1010 3. A process for producing vitamin A aldehyde which comprises refluxing with water and in the presence of a solvent, a complex obtained by reacting at least one mole of a boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex containing from about 1.5 to 2.5 moles of boron trifluoride per mole of hexamethylene tetramine at between room temperature and 35 C. in the presence of a solvent with one mole of being present 5111 an amount from about 0.1 to 1.5 grams per mLofgotal solution.

4. A process for producing vitamin A aldehyde which comprises refluxing with Water and in the presence of a solvent for a period of time isom fifteen minutes to three hours, a complex obtained by reacting at least one mole of a boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex containing from about 1.5 to 2.5 moles of boron trifiuoride per mole of hexamethylene tetramine at between room temperature and 35 C. in the presence of a solvent with one mole of said complex having 7\ max=3300 A. and

Egg: 1010 said water being present in an amount of from. 20 to 30% by volume of the total solution and said complex being present in an amount from about 1.0 to 1.5 grams per 100 ml. of total solution.

5. The process of claim 4 wherein said reaction time is about forty-five minutes.

6. The process of claim 4 wherein said solvent is dioxane.

7. The process of claim 4 wherein said water comprises about 27% by volume of the total solution.

8. The process of claim 4 wherein said complex is present in an amount of about 1.2 to 1.5% by weight of the total solution.

9. The process of claim 4 in which water is added to said complex in situ in its original reaction mixture and the resulting mixture is refluxed.

10. A process for producing vitamin A aldehyde which comprises refluxing for about forty-five minutes, a complex obtained by reacting at least one mole of a boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex containing from about 1.5 to 2.5 moles of boron trifiuoride per mole of hexamethylene tetramine at between room temperature and 35 C. in the presence of a solvent with one mole of said complex having a 7t max=3300 A. and

with water in a solution comprising about 27% water by volume and the remainder dioxane, said complex being present in an amount of about 1.2 to 1.5% by Weight of the total solution.

11. A complex compound which is a vitamin A intermediate obtained by reacting at least one mole of a boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex containing from about 1.5 to 2.5 moles of boron trifluoride per mole of hexamethylene tetramine at between room temperature and 35 C. in the presence of a solvent with one mole of CH3 E 3 said intermediate having a A max=3300 A. and

' l't...= 0 12. A process for obtaining the complex of claim 11 which comprises reacting at least one mole of a boron trifluoride hexamethylene tetramine complex containing from about 1.5 to 2.5 moles of boron trifluoride per mole of hexamethylene tetramine at between room temperature and 35 C. and in the presence of a solvent with one mole of 15. The process of claim '14 in which said reaction is carried out for about fifteen minutes to about three hours.

16. The process of claim 15 in which said solvent comprises dioxane containing from about 1 to 10%, based upon the volume of said dioxane, of water.

17. The process of claim 15 in which said is present in an amount of from 0.1 to 1.0 gram for each ml. of solution.

No references cited. 

1. A PROCESS FOR PRODUCING VITAMINE A ALDEHYDE WHICH COMPRISES REACTING WITH WATER A COMPLEX OBTAINED BY REACTING AT LEAST ONE MOLE OF A BORON TRIFLUORIDE HEXAMETHYLENE TETRAMINE COMPLEX CONTAINING FROM ABOUT 1.5 TO 2.5 MOLES OF BORON TRIFLUORIDE PER MOLE OF HEXAMETHYLENE TETRAMINE AT BETWEEN ROOM TEMPERATURE AND 35*C. IN THE PRESENCE OF A SOLVENT WITH ONE MOLE OF
 11. A COMPLEX COMPOUND WHICH IS A VITAMIN A INTERMEDIATE OBTAINED BY REACTING AT LEAST ONE MOLE OF A BORON TRIFLUORIDE HEXAMETHYLENE TETRAMINE COMPLEX CONTAINING FROM ABOUT 1.5 TO 2.5 MOLES OF BORON TRIFLUORIDE PER MOLE OF HEXAMETHYLENE TETRAMINE AT BETWEEN ROOM TEMPERATURE AND 35*C. IN THE PRESENCE OF A SOLVENT WITH ONE MOLE OF 